History of Western Society Ch 13 Outline

History of Western Society Sixth Edition Chapter 13 Outline I. The Evolution of the Italian Renaissance A. Economic growth laid the material basis 1. Cultural achievements of the 14th to 16th centuries 2. Northern Italian cities led the way 3. Advances in ship construction greatly increased the volume of goods that could be transported; improvements in the mechanics of sailing accelerated speed 4. Italian renaissance appeared in Florence 5. The economic foundations of Florence was so strong that even severe crisis could not destroy the city 6.Driving enterprise, technical know-how, and competitive spirit saw Florence through the difficult economic period of the late 14th century B. Communes and Republics 1. The Northern Italian cities were communes, sworn associations 2. Groups tied by blood, economic interests, and social connections 3. A properly qualification, years of residence within the city, and social connections 4. In the 15th century, political power and elite culture enter ed on the princely courts of despots and oligarchs C. The Balance of Power Among the Italian City States 1. Passionate attachment to their individual city states . The kingdom of Naples had long been disputed by the Aragonese and by the French. 3. In the peace treaty signed at Lodi in 1454, Venice received territories in return for recognizing Sforza’s right to the duchy 4. Renaissance Italians invented the machinery of modern diplomacy 5. In a number of fiery sermons between 1491 and 1494, Savonarola attacked what he considered the paganism and moral vice of the city 6. The invasion of Italy in 1494 by the French king Charles VIII 7. In 1508 his cousin and heir, Louis XII, formed the league of Cambrai II. Intellectual Hallmarks of the RenaissanceA. The Renaissance was characterized by self-conscious awareness among the 14th and 15th century Italians 1. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) considered the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the developme nts of human civilization 2. The Renaissance manifested itself in a new attitude toward men, women, and the world B. Individualism 1. Middle Ages had seen the appearance of remarkable individuals 2. Large literature with the nature of individuality emerged, represented the flowering of distinctly Renaissance individualism C. Humanism 1.Humanism emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities 2. Renaissance humanists approached the classics differently D. Secular Spirit 1. Secularism involves a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirit 2. Humanist Lorenzo Valla (1406-1457) defends the pleasures of the senses as the highest good 3. Papal interests, which were far removed from spiritual concerns, fostered, rather than discouraged, the new worldly attitude III. Art and the Artist A. The subject matter of art through the early 15th century as in the Middle Agrs, remained overwhelmingly religious 1.In the 14th and 15th centu ries, a large, intricately carved wooden bed, a chest, and perhaps a bench served as its sole decorations 2. Florentine Masaccio (1401-1428) inspired a new style, realism, the new international style B. The Status of the Artist 1. The Renaissance artist was considered a free intellectual worker 2. The social status of the artist of genius was immortally secured IV. Social Change A. The Renaissance changed many aspects of Italian, and subsequently European, society 1. Renaissance culture witnessed a shift in the status and experience of women B. Education and Political Thought . One of the central preoccupations of the humanists was education and moral behavior 2. In the 16th and 17th centuries, The Courtier was widely read 3. No Renaissance book on any topic, however, has been more widely read and studied in all centuries since its publication (1513) C. The Printed Word 1. By the middle of the 15th century, paper was no problem 2. Gutenberg’s Bible of 1456, movable type had b rought about radical changes 3. Since books and other printed materials were read aloud to illiterate listeners, print bridged the gap between written and oral cultures D. Clocks . The English word quantification was first used in 1840 2. Mechanical clocks, usually installed on the cathedial or town church, were in general use in Germany by the 1330’s, in England by the 1370’s, and in France by the 1380’s 3. The status of upper-class women declined, in terms of the kind of work they performed 4. Laura Cereta (1469-1499) illustrates the successes and failures od educated Renaissance women 5. Women, of course, continued to perform economic functions 6. In the years 1338- 1358, rape was not considered a serious crime against either the victim or society 7.In the 11th century, William the Conqueror had decreed that rapists be castrated E. Gender and Culture 1. The term homosexuality was coined only in 1892 2. On April 17th, 1432, the Florentine government set up a s pecial magistracy, the Office of the Night F. Blacks 1. The beginning in the 15th century, sizable numbers of black slaves entered Europe 2. In 1491 Isabella of Este, duchess of Mantua, instructed her agent to secure a black girl between four and eight years old V. The Renaissance in the North A. Last quarter of the 15th century, Italian Renaissance thoughts inspired northern Europe 1.There More found the time to write Utopia (1516), which presents a revolutionary view of society. 2. Francois Rabelais (1490? -1553) possess a distinctly secular flavor and have attracted broad readership among the literate public 3. Many of Bosch’s paintings reflect the confusion, and anguish often associated with the end of the Middle Ages VI. Politics and the State in the Renaissance (CA 1450-1521) A. Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain had been labeled as â€Å"new monarchs† B. France 1. In 1438 Charles published the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges 2.In 1516 the new treaty, the Concordat of Bologna, approved the pope’s right to receive the first year’s income of new bishops and abbots C. England 1. Between 1455 and 1471, adherents of the ducal houses of York and Lancaster waged civil war, the Wars of Roses 2. The council dealt with real or potential aristocratic threats through a judicial offshoot, the court of Star Chamber D. Spain 1. The centuries-long Reconquista- the wars of the northern Christian kingdoms to control the entire peninsula 2. In the administration of Castile, â€Å"New Christians† held the royal secretary ship

Computer Programming Concepts 2019

Concept is a much-used and debated term that applies to object-oriented computer programming. Object-oriented programming arrived on the programming scene in a big way with the introduction of C++, the first object-oriented programming language to go into widespread use. C++ was preceded by C, a language that uses long strings of written code to build a function into a computer program. Basic is another language that utilized the same approach of code commands that are combined and repeated more or less in linear fashion. Object-oriented programming is assembled more along the lines of building blocks, beginning with a large object or task for the program to accomplish, and then working downward to successively smaller objects that, when combined, form the large object or function. Object-oriented programming is described as conceptual in nature. The basic terms used to describe steps in the process of object oriented programming have their own names but are referred to as concepts. Each step is a thought process rather than a mathematical equation or a string of code that accomplishes the step in one particular programming framework. .u3186a7486aacb75c1208d22249593c1c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u3186a7486aacb75c1208d22249593c1c:active, .u3186a7486aacb75c1208d22249593c1c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u3186a7486aacb75c1208d22249593c1c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u3186a7486aacb75c1208d22249593c1c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u3186a7486aacb75c1208d22249593c1c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u3186a7486aacb75c1208d22249593c1c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ From IT School to an IT CareerThus the primary tools for object-oriented programming are described as concepts. The first concept is object, which is a software bundle of related variables and methods. A message is the communication that occurs between software objects. A class is a model or blueprint that defines the characteristics of all objects of a certain kind or class. Inheritance is the concept of a class obtaining behavioral and structural characteristics from its superclass, which is another concept. Inheritance is a method of structuring and organizing software programs planting a set of identical characteristics in various places within a program. Instantiation is the process by which individual objects are created by the system. The class description is used as a blueprint to create single instances of that class at that particular point in time and space while the program is running. An interface is a contract, or commitment, of method and action. When a class implements an interface, it commits to performing all of the methods or acts contained in that interface. .u99d07df8f9fa2cbbc52df23682d8b4f2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u99d07df8f9fa2cbbc52df23682d8b4f2:active, .u99d07df8f9fa2cbbc52df23682d8b4f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u99d07df8f9fa2cbbc52df23682d8b4f2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u99d07df8f9fa2cbbc52df23682d8b4f2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u99d07df8f9fa2cbbc52df23682d8b4f2 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u99d07df8f9fa2cbbc52df23682d8b4f2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ How to Ace the Dreaded Phone InterviewThese are the principal concepts that are referred to in object-oriented programming. At some point they are translated into code. A well designed program that is, a program that uses these concepts efficiently will contain a much lower volume of code than a similar program written in C or Basic. It is a different way of thinking about developing software functions. Programmers will tell you that the shift in paradigm does not happen like a change in topics during a dinner table discussion. It takes focus to grasp these concepts and practice to learn how to use them efficiently and, of course, how to put them into code. But it is a fundamental change in perspective on the task of constructing a software program, and one that has proven to be a successful step forward in the evolving profession of programming. Related ArticlesA Quick Lesson On Object-Oriented ProgrammingComputer Programming What is itHow to Teach Yourself Computer ProgrammingA Multitude of Computer Programming LanguagesThe History of the C Programming LanguageAn Introduction to Computer Programming .u65d123258c25603ef5b636283a13c62e { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u65d123258c25603ef5b636283a13c62e:active, .u65d123258c25603ef5b636283a13c62e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u65d123258c25603ef5b636283a13c62e { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u65d123258c25603ef5b636283a13c62e .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u65d123258c25603ef5b636283a13c62e .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u65d123258c25603ef5b636283a13c62e:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online Degree Opportunities For Teachers

Defining Nonfiction Writing

Etymology: From the Latin, not shaping, feigning Pronunciation: non-FIX-shun Nonfiction is a blanket term for  prose accounts of real people, places, objects, or events. This can serve as an umbrella encompassing everything from Creative Nonfiction and Literary Nonfiction to  Advanced Composition,  Expository Writing,  and Journalism. Types of nonfiction include articles, autobiographies, biographies, essays, memoirs, nature writing, profiles, reports, sports writing, and travel writing. Observations I see no reason why the word [artist] should always be confined to writers of fiction and poetry while the rest of us are lumped together under that despicable term Nonfiction—as if we were some sort of remainder. I do not feel like a Non-something; I feel quite specific. I wish I could think of a name in place of Nonfiction. In the hope of finding an antonym, I looked up Fiction in Webster and found it defined as opposed to Fact, Truth, and Reality. I thought for a while of adopting FTR, standing for Fact, Truth, and Reality, as my new term.(Barbara Tuchman, The Historian as Artist, 1966)Its always seemed odd to me that nonfiction is defined, not by what it is, but by what it is not. It is not fiction. But then again, it is also not poetry, or technical writing or libretto. Its like defining classical music as nonjazz.(Philip Gerard, Creative Nonfiction. Story Press, 1996)Many writers and editors add creative to nonfiction to mollify this sense of being strange and other, and to remind readers that creative nonfiction writers are more than recorders or appliers of reason and objectivity. Certainly, many readers and writers of creative nonfiction recognize that the genre can share many elements of fiction.(Jocelyn Bartkevicius, The Landscape of Creative Nonfiction, 1999)If nonfiction is where you do your best writing or your best teaching of writing, dont be buffaloed into the idea that its an inferior species. The only important distinction is between good writing and bad writing.(William Zinsser, On Writing Well, 2006)The Common Core State Standards (US) and NonfictionOne central concern is that the Core reduces how much literature English teachers can teach. Because of its emphasis on analysis of information and reasoning, the Core requires that 50 percent of all reading assignments in elementary schools consist of nonfiction texts. That requirement has sparked outrage that masterpieces by Shakespeare or Steinbeck are being dropped for informational t exts like Recommended Levels of Insulation by the Environmental Protection Agency.(The Common Core Backlash. The Week, June 6, 2014)

Differences Between Countries And Developing Countries

Geographers like to differentiate countries by grouping them into developed and developing countries. A developed country is a country that has progressed relatively far during time and has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure. Some examples of developed countries are the U.S.A, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Netherlands and many others. They are normally the more profound countries that we hear about more often than developing countries. A developing country is a country that is at an early stage in economic development and has a less developed industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI). The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators and is used to rank countries into tiers of human development. Having a low HDI means the country has a low life expectancy, a shorter length of education and the income per capita is lower. Some examples of developing countries are Br azil, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, India, Afghanistan, and many others. I plan to bring you into an in depth explanation about the many differences in population studies between Japan and Brazil. First off, we’ll start with a little bit of background information on both countries. Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands in East Asia with a population of 126,919,659 (July 2015). It has a land area of about 140,728 square miles and a total area of about 145,913 square miles. It’s area canShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between A Developed Country And A Developing Country Essay2326 Words   |  10 PagesThis paper examines the similarities and differences of a culture between a developed country and a developing country. This paper explores the comparison of culture to our country, Belize’s and the culture of the United States. 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Developing countries such as China and India have therefore, become appealing markets to foreign investors. It is anticipated that China and India will soon be the world’s biggest economies. Presently, eighty percent of the electronic goods globally are manufactured in china. This has resulted to more western companies wanting to invest in china as opposed to other countries. Unfortunately, there is intercultural management problem with the unprecedented increase in cooperation between the developingRea d MoreTypes Of Collateral Used For Business Lending1474 Words   |  6 Pagesbank guarantees. When banks across developed and developing countries are compared, it was observed that developed countries rank real estate as the most important type of collateral more frequently than the developing countries. About 56% of the developed country banks rank real estate as the most important collateral type for business lending to small firms compared to only 37 % of the developing country banks. 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It can be clearly seen from the table that countries with the lowest HDI below 0.3 are considered to be the economically

Character Traits of a Teenager Free Essays

Someone asked me why does hate, anger, love, curiosity, admiration, etc. exist in the world. It was a very innocent yet important question that I would like to address. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Traits of a Teenager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Seekers of the Spirit throughout time have noticed that the Divine Reality expresses in various ways, including Peace, Oneness, Wisdom, Knowledge, Creativity, Beauty, Goodness, Love, Delight, Power, Timelessness, and Infinity. These are also qualities that the Supreme seeks to manifest in the forms of creation. We humans are the means by which they take shape on earth. Interestingly, though the Intent of the Supreme was/is to spread these spiritual aspects throughout the cosmos, they initially took shape in their opposite form, as an inversion. For example, life first emerged in the universe as unconscious physical matter; and only after, emerged higher, more conscious forms. Thus, life, and indeed we humans have roots in unconsciousness mixed with the consciousness. And we have come to embody them in the form of both positive and negative character traits — expressing the physical, vital, and mental levels. An obvious question is why would a Divine Reality allow for both formations of darkness and light? Why not just manifest Its own, infinitely positive spiritual attributes? The answer is that it did so to enable the greatest variety, multiplicity, and possibility of experience. If there were only good traits, the diversity and depth of our life experiences would be limited. Thus, over time, a vast array of positive, neutral, and negative physical, vital, and mental traits came to be. For example, feelings like fear, anger, hatred, are negative expressions that originate in the vital plane of our being. It turns out that not only are these negative expressions inversions of their positive spiritual counterpart of Oneness, Power, Love, etc. , but inversions of our own positive human traits. For example, people who hate, secretly harbor love, but through circumstance inner and outer, have inverted to its darker side. A child might hate a parent because of their abuse, but secretly harbored intense love that reversed itself. In fact, the more intense the hate, the greater the possibility of love when the obstacles are overcome. In humanity’s evolution we emerged from physical existence where our physical traits predominated, such as hunting and other survival skills, to the development of more complex vital feelings and relationships, such as trade, cooperation, and affinity toward marriage, to sophisticated traits of the mind, such as analyzing, synthesizing, calculating, rational thinking, etc. These are positive or neutral characteristics developed over the course of human evolution. And yet there are also negative qualities that developed, such as mental ignorance and falsehood. At the vital and physical levels there are far more and more virulent forms of negative character traits because as you go lower in human consciousness, the wanting characteristics tend to appear. Anger, hate, intense desire, lust, jealousy, etc. are negative vital traits; while domination, tendency to violence, etc. are examples of negative physical characteristics. And so we see how life evolved both a plethora of qualities in the human, both positive and negative, to enable the greatest variety of experience, from which we can evolve our nature and through that discovery experience delight. How to cite Character Traits of a Teenager, Papers

New Generation Anti-Depressants and SSRIS

Question: Describech about the New Generation Anti-Depressants And SSRIS. Answer: Introduction Depression is always counted amongst the most powerful psycho-social risk factor for the poor condition of cardiovascular prognosis even after the myocardial infarction (Hemingway Marmot, 1999). In fact, it is the most common phenomenon amongst old-age people causing greater affect on those who live in a community. (McDougall Mathews, 2007). According to a recent meta analysis, (Van Melle et Al, 2004), the depression after myocardial infarction associates particularly with the 2-2.5 fold higher risk of cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular events. Additionally, the depression after myocardial infarction also emerges as a major source for poor life quality (Beck et al, 2001), incomplete recovery (Ladwig et al, 1994), delay in return towards work (Soderman et al, 2003), non-attendance in cardiac rehabilitation (Lane et al, 2001), and non-adherence (Carney et al, 1995). Particularly talking about the United Kingdom, the primary level of care that is rendered to the patients suffering from depression are antidepressant drugs. They were largely prescribed to the patients of all age groups (The NHS Information Centre, 2010). However, according to a distinctive systematic review conducted majorly over the older people, both SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) and tricyclic antidepressants showed equivalent outcomes in efficacy, but there were higher chances of discontinuation associated with classical tricyclic antidepressants that may lead to several adverse effects. (Motram, Strobl Wilson, 2006). Looking at such systematic review, NICE (National Institute for Health Clinical Excellence) strongly recommends the practitioners to prescribe antidepressants only after considering their side effects along with the preferences of the patients. However, normally the selection should be made of a generic SSRI for treatment (NICE, National Clinica l Practice Guideline 90, 2009). While considering the patterns of the antidepressant treatment, it was found that SSRIs were amongst the most common class of drug prescriptions. The ten most common prescriptions of antidepressant drugs amongst practitioners may include Citalopram hydrobromide, fluoxetine hydrochloride, amitriptyline, dosulepin hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride, mirtazapine, escitalopram and lofepramine. When tricyclic antidepressants were compared with SSRIs in terms of outcomes such as mortality, attempted suicides, strokes, fractures and epilepsy, it was found that SSRIs were associated with higher rates than tricyclic antidepressants. SSRIs like citalopram, fluoxetine and escitalopram were particularly associated with increased level of risk for hyponatraemia whereas sertraline and paroxetine were out of this risk. (Movig, 2002; Kirby, 2002; Jacob, 2006). However, increased risk rates for adverse reactions of drugs were associated with S ertraline and lofepramine. According to the study of SADHART (Glassman et al, 2002), Sertraline has been found as the safe treatment measure for patients suffering from depression after myocardial infarction. The tricyclic antidepressants are responsible for affecting the cardiac rhythm as well as conduction that can also turn out cardio-toxic for patients. Thus, the PDR (Physicians Desk Reference) strongly suggests taking close supervision or extreme precautions while prescribing these drugs to any patient having cardiovascular disease (Oradell, 1998). Although, limited long-term data is available, the researchers have suggested that using SSRIs is comparatively safer than any other antidepressant or tricyclic agent when it particularly comes to patients of cardiovascular diseases (Glassman, 1998). Moreover, while considering the efficacy or safety of these tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs in introductory findings of a meta-analysis on antidepressant trials, no crucial difference was observed. (Goode, 1999). According to this analysis, the major provisions for safety were related to discontinuation of the treatment along with discontinuation resulting out of adverse effects. Particularly talking about UK, the treatment of depression is largely done by making use of antidepressant drugs among which the SSRIs are the most common. In the year 2009, in a community of England, about more than 39 million of antidepressants were prescribed across different ages that come across a 35 percent increase over the past five years (the NHS information centre, 2010). The increase in prescriptions for SSRIs was found about 47 percent whereas for other tricyclic antidepressants, the increase percentage was 18 percent. The major aim for conducting this meta-analysis is to research and examine the possible effects of using new generation anti-depressants and SSRIs on total cholesterol level of the patients over 16, or you can say to examine whether they have any side-effect or not. References: Beck, C. A., Joseph, L., Belisle, P.,et al(2001)Predictors of quality of life 6 months and 1 year after acute myocardial infarction.American Heart Journal,142,271 279. Carney, R.M, Rich, M.W, and Freeland, K.E.Major depressive disorder predicts cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease.Psychosomat Med.1988;50:627633. Glassman, A. H., OConnor, C. M., Califf, R. M.,et al(2002)Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina.JAMA,288,701 709. Goode E. New and old depression drugs are found equal.New York Times.March 19, 1999: A1. Hemingway, H. Marmot, M. (1999)Evidence based cardiology psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease: systematic review of prospective cohort studies.BMJ,318,1460 1467. Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults.Ann Pharmacother2006;40:1618-22 Kirby D, Harrigan S, Ames D. Hyponatraemia in elderly psychiatric patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine: a retrospective controlled study in an inpatient unit.Int J Geriatr Psychiatry2002;17:231-7. Ladwig, K. H., Roll, G., Breithardt, G.,et al(1994)Postinfarction depression and incomplete recovery 6 months after acute myocardial-infarction.Lancet,343,20 23. Lane, D., Carroll, D., Ring, C.,et al(2001)Predictors of attendance at cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.Journal of Psychosomatic Research,51,497 501. McDougall FA, Matthews FE, Kvaal K, Dewey ME, Brayne C. Prevalence and symptomatology of depression in older people living in institutions in England and Wales.Age Ageing 2007;36:562-8. Mottram P, Wilson K, Strobl J. Antidepressants for depressed elderly.Cochrane Database Syst Rev2006;1:CD003491. Movig KLL, Leufkens HGM, Lenderink AW, van den Akker VGA, Hodiamont PPG, Goldschmidt HMJ, et al. Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-control study.Br J Clin Pharmacol2002;53:363-9. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults (update). NICE, 2009. (National Clinical Practice Guideline 90.) Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) 1990.Medical Economics,Oradell, NJ;1990 Soderman, E., Lisspers, J. Sundin, O. (2003)Depression as a predictor of return to work in patients with coronary artery disease.Social Science Medicine,56,193 202. The NHS Information Centre Prescribing Support Unit. Prescription cost analysis: England 2009. The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2010. Van Melle, J. P., De Jonge, P., Spijkerman, T. A.,et al(2004)Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis.Psychosomatic Medicine,66,814 822.

Vietnam Justified or Not free essay sample

Vietnam, although not technically considered a war was an extended conflict that still had to be justified to an American people. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was the identification of this extended conflict and was declared by Congress in 1964 making this conflict official. This resolution was justified because it was declared by a competent authority and was seen as being the best thing for the American people at the time, even though today it receives a lot of pessimism from those same Americans. Many would say that we should not have been in Vietnam in the first place and that we were yet again pretending to play the role of global peacekeeper, others would say that we were just promoting our own interests. The U. S role in Vietnam first started in the late 50’s as a mission to help the French with their territory in Indochina. As U. S allies, the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam: Justified or Not? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S was obligated to help France in its territory and try to end any aggression towards them and if helping an ally, conflict is justified. The true extent of the United States involvement did not really start until the communist division of North Vietnam and South Vietnam after France lost control over its original territory. When asking whether the beginning of a conflict, if not war, is justified the party that is taking the action chiefly has to question whether the human rights of the citizens are put in question or not. As with any Capitalist nation, it is a goal to fight communism when possible on a global scale because it threatens the people of that country as a whole. This threat comes not only from the likelihood of the country to oppress its populace, but also because by fundamental nature, communistic countries do not trade with Capitalist ones. This conflict was also justified when examining Just War Theory because a country is allowed to protect itself from possible future aggression. One of the chief concerns held by the U. S was that China, another communist nation, would influence the continuity of communism in Vietnam and that Vietnam would be the next â€Å"domino† to strengthen communism as a whole. Another thing that should be examined closely is the overall point of the war in Vietnam, was it to introduce peace and stability to the region, or to win the war against communism. The young President John F. Kennedy, who was continuing the Vietnam War after taking office from Dwight Eisenhower, did not want to seem weak to other countries. Giving up against a communist power would make the U. S seem weak and give rise to a new rebellion against this western superpower. This â€Å"never back down† notion held onto a strong government sentiment to stay in Vietnam and helped to continue this aggression towards North Vietnam; whether it was justified or not. When analyzing Vietnam Just War Tradition must also be taken into account, this tends to set the stage for the proper conduct of war. When the U. S considered the possibility of maintaining a standing in Vietnam, it most certainly took into account the gravity of threat that the communist North Vietnam posed. As being seen as the next piece on the communist playing field the U. S felt that this â€Å"war† with Vietnam was a last resort to stopping global tyranny. Also, in the case of Vietnam there was a distinction that had to be made between combatants and non-combatants; in this case it was the difference between communist North Vietnam and French territorial South Vietnam. As a part of fighting North Vietnam, Americans were stationed in Southern Vietnam, one of the biggest things that America had to avoid was hurting non-combatants as to maintain friendly relationships and this could be extremely hard because of the use of extremely powerful weapons that some would consider heinous. Close to 200,000 North Vietnamese civilians were killed during the course of our stay making it hard to justify just such a military action. The use of incendiary weapons was very prominent in the heavily forested areas of Vietnam because of the thousands and thousands of miles of underground tunnels. The in-humanitarian use of heinous incendiary weapons was not outlawed until 1980 in a protocol in the Geneva Convention. The use of these incendiary weapons would be classified today as making the Vietnam War unjust because of the unnecessary suffering that the recipients of napalm and other flammable white phosphorus munitions received. But, did the ends, being the result, justify the means that were used during the war? Many would say that the answer to that question is no simply because of the senseless nature of the war itself. Yes, preventing a large spread of communism should be the goal of a Democratic nation, but is it worth the sacrifice of almost 60,000 American lives and countless other Vietnamese when almost 80% of the Vietnamese people supported this new regime and the leadership of Ho Chi Minh? These are all good questions to analyze retrospectively 50 years later, but what is important is whether the war was justified or not and whether more good was done than harm.